Although the seashore is most commonly associated with the word beach, beaches are also found near lakes and large rivers.
Beach may refer to: small systems in which rock material is moved by the forces of waves and currents on land, sea, or coast; or are major geological units. The first is explained in detail below; larger geological units are discussed elsewhere.
A beach has a few salient aspects related to the processes that create and shape it. The part that is mostly above the water (depending on the tide) and more or less actively affected by the waves at some point at the tide is called the beach berm. A berm is a body of material containing an active coastline. The berm has one hill (top) and one face, the second being the slope from the slope towards the water. There may be a trough at the bottom of the face, and there may also be one or more long shore bars: slightly raised, underwater dams form where the waves first break.
The sand bed can extend from the top of the berm inland, where there may be evidence of one or more ancient hills (Storm Beach) resulting from huge storm waves and beyond the action of ordinary tides. If it is small (sand size or smaller), winds shape the feature. Wind; the sediment behind the beach becomes a dune where force disperses the particles inland.
These geomorphic features form the beach profile. The beach profile is seasonally variable due to the variation in wave energy experienced in summer and winter. In temperate regions characterized by calmer seas and during long periods between breaking wave crests, the beach profile is higher in summer. During this season, the light wave action tends to carry the sediment towards the berm, where it deposits onto the beach and remains as the water recedes. Coastal winds shape and strengthen the dunes further inland.
Conversely, the beach profile is lower during the storm season (winter in temperate regions) due to increased wave energy and shorter times between breaking of wave crests. Higher energy waves breaking in rapid succession tend to mobilize sediment in the shallows, keeping it in suspension. It tends to be carried along the beach by long-shore currents or forming shoreline bars out to sea, especially if the current long-shore encounters an outlet from a river or flood stream. Thus reducing the beach profile by removing sediment from the beach bromine and dune.
The line between beach and dune is difficult to define in the field. During any significant period, residues are constantly exchanged between them. The slip line (the high point of material deposited by the waves) is a potential limitation. This will be where significant wind movement of the sand can occur because regular waves do not wet the sand beyond this area. However, the drift line is likely to move inland under attack by storm waves.
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